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In this page you can find guiding information about how to use the BIRTH Television Archive and advice on how to get the best out of the functions and features offered...

2. An Overview of the BIRTH Television Archive (BTA)

The BIRTH Television Archive is an internet accessible digital archive of selected material coming from (currently) five different television archives in Europe. The purpose is to make these materials accessible to external users via the internet.

The BIRTH Television Archive contains different types of television archive materials:

Television Programmes: Information about and preview video streams of television programmes that had been broadcasted in the early days of television in the 1950's and 1960's.
Images: Early television broadcasting was done without any recording equipment except film, which was very expensive at that time. Therefore only very few early recordings have survived the times. But by photographs taken during production the archives give us some insights into early television broadcasting. The same goes for photographs about early television equipment, like cameras.
TV Guides: Early broadcasting schedules and additional publications about programmes provide information and insights on the designs of television broadcasting at that time.
Articles: Articles contributed by scientists and television archives offer analysis and research results about a broad range of television history topics.

The homepage of the BTA is the centre of the archive. From here you can directly access all areas

to search the database for television archive materials,
to read articles on television history in the Library,
to become a member of the European Television History Network in the ETHN area,
to register, manage your user data, create and manage your own selection baskets and uploaded contents,
to learn more about the background of the BTA and to get news on television archiving, history and research.

3. How to Navigate in the BTA

Navigating the BTA is easier than you might think: There are only two navigation bars that are always visible: The "Top Navigation Bar" and the "Side Navigation Bar". You can use the hyperlinks of these navigation bars to get access to the contents of this web site, partners as well as related content.
Top Navigation Bar

Home ` The homepage or title page of this web site.
The Project ` Information about the BIRTH project by which the BTA was built.
Links ` Hyperlinks to related organisations, initiatives and subjects.
Library ` The BTA Library giving access to numerous articles on television history.
Community ` The European Television History Network Community of scientists, which was initiated by the BIRTH project partners.

Side Navigation Bar

It contains the following areas:

Management
Most Wanted Media
Timeline Search

Management Menu

This menu enables you to

Log In
Register
access the Multilingual Thesaurus
set your preferences for language & media

Once you have become a registered user you will be able to choose between even more options:

My user data: Access and edit your user data
My Baskets : Create and manage your own Selection Baskets
Public Baskets : Access all public Baskets of all users
SEFT Overview: Learn how to get a licensed copy of an item
My Articles : Create and manage your own articles (only for academics)
My Archive Materials : Update and manage your uploaded archive items (only for contributors)
My CV : Create and manage your own CV (only for scientists)
View statistics, e.g., number of users accessing your items

4. The BTA Language Concept

The BIRTH Television Archive is an international web site. The materials in this archive come from five different countries with four different languages: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands and United Kingdom.

In order to enable as many users as possible to read and understand the information provided together with archive material, the BIRTH Television Archive enables you both to switch your preferred language for navigation and to switch the language of an article.

Switching to your preferred language

Switching is done rather easily by selecting one of the language flags:

The same flags are offered on the Preference menu and in every article that has a different language version available.

Abstracts of Scientific Articles provided as PDF

For details on scientific articles, please refer to chapter 8 on the BTA Library .

For all articles provided as PDF there are abstracts both in English and the author's language available. To switch between these abstract language versions please use the language flags in the article.

Language and Searching

The standard language for information on archive material in this archive is the native language of the archive, because all metadata is derived from the legacy databases of these archives.

To enable users with a different language background to read and understand the content of foreign archive material some information is provided in English, too. It includes an English translation of the Title, Abstract, Rights information and sometimes the additional details provided with the Description field.

To enable a thematical and geographical searching for archive material with different language background a multilingual thesaurus is available.

This thesaurus includes thematical and geographical terms. Every term is available in the four languages English, French, German and Dutch. By using one thesaurus term on searching, the translation of this term is included and search results for all four languages are returned.

5. Search for Content

You have four options for searching the BTA: Simple Search , Advanced Search , Thesaurus Search and Timeline Search .

Simple Search

Simple Search offers a free text search over all information in the database.

You can find the Simple Search menu on the upper right of the web page.

The menu offers direct entry of search terms.

The Boolean search operators and, or and not are supported.

By entering two terms without any operator an "and"-search is carried out.

Advanced Search

The Advanced Search menu enables you to better define your search.

You can select certain data fields, like Title, Abstract etc., you can select a year or a period of years, you can select a type of object, like tv programme, article etc., or you can select the owner of the material.

Thesaurus Search

You can browse the multilingual thesaurus of thematical and geographical terms to get results returned from four different

language backgrounds. Every term in the thesaurus is available in the four languages Dutch, English, French and German. By clicking on one term a search in all these languages is triggered and results from all archives are returned.

Timeline Search

This menu is the entry point to a 3-dimensional timeline. It is a simple search menu with an additional option to search for time periods.

6. Search Results / Hit List

All hits returned by searching the BTA databases are presented on a hit list, the "Search Results":

Depending on the number of hits, the hit list presentation is separated into pages. Each page contains five items. On the top, as well as at the bottom of a hit list page, are links to navigate these pages ("Previous", "1", "2", ... "Next").

Each item is presented by an English title, The first six lines of its abstract, the Owner icon, Date of Creation, available languages, an icon identifying the type of material covered (television programme, image, tv guide, article) and a link to the Detailed View of an item: "more info >>".

You can apply a number of display filters to the hit list. All filters refer to media types. The available filters are: "All" (for all types), "Article" (for Library Articles), "Audio Visual" (for television programmes and clips), "Image" (for photographs, graphics, slides etc.), "TV Guide" (for television programme guides, programme schedules etc.).

By clicking on one of the filter labels the hit list is re-ordered and displayed according to the new filter setting. To return to the standard setting of "All" just click on it.

Not all items on the hit list show a keyframe, because some items, such as tv guides, do not contain image content. In such cases symbols are displayed that express the type of content available, e.g., "PDF" for documents that are available in the Adobe Portable Document Format.

The titles and abstracts of all items presented are given in English, even if items were contributed by archives with a different language background. This is to ensure a more homogeneous language presentation of text on the hit list for the benefit of most of the users. If the titles and abstracts were displayed in their original language, users not capable of these languages would be prevented from understanding the contents. - You may access the original language metadata easily by going to the Detailed View ("More info") of an item.

7. Detailed View of Archive Items

The Detailed View is the main information sheet about every archive item:

It contains all details that are available in the BTA on single archive items.

The information provided comprises:

Title and English Title

This is given both in the original language of the Owner and in an English translation Note: An English translation of such a title is NOT its official English title. It is done to explain a native language title in English for users not capable of the respective native language.

Original Abstract and English Abstract

The same principle is applied as for titles. It is a brief summary of the subject and content of an archive item.

Description

Whereas the abstract gives a short summary on the subject and content of an archive item, the description provides additional information, e.g., about the historical background of an event that is reported. It is a dynamic field, that is, on opening Detailed View the field contents are not visible. You have to click on [+] to open it. Also, it is no mandatory field for archives and therefore might be empty.

Creator

This field gives information about the author(s) of an archive item. Author may also include camera operators, cutters, directors etc.

Publisher

There, the information both about the original publisher and the current publisher (e.g., if companies have merged or archive items had been sold to another company).

Subject

Thematical index index terms are given here. These terms are usually retrieved from the source databases of the archives and are not part of the multilingual thesaurus. They are provided in their native language only.

Thematical Keywords

This field contains thematical index terms from a multilingual thesaurus. Multilingual means that all terms are registered with the thesaurus including their translations into three other languages. Overall the thesaurus comprises the four languages Dutch, English, French and German.

Geographical Keywords

This field contains geographical index terms from a multilingual thesaurus. Multilingual means that all terms are registered with the thesaurus including their translations into three other languages. Overall the thesaurus comprises the four languages Dutch, English, French and German.

Relation

Many television items of the BTA are linked with each other. Such links can be of a systematically television nature (e.g., as part of a series) or a thematical nature (e.g., race riots). All relations presented here are BTA internal only, that is, the links are going to other BTA items. By clicking on single relations you can follow such a "relations path".

Owner

This is the information about the current owner who has provided the item.

Source

This field provides some information about the archive source an item is coming from, e.g., an identification number. You can use such information as a reference when contacting the owners.

Contributor

With this field you can read the names of people, who contributed in making the item but were not authors, like people interviewed (e.g., celebrities, politicians) or cast (actors).

Rights

Intellectual property rights, personal rights and copyright affect the feasibility and the way archive items are presented in the BTA. Usually details about contracts such rights are based on, are not allowed to be presented to the public. Therefore the archives contributing items to the BTA give some general information about rights or provide contact details. User may contact the archives to learn more about a specific rights situation of an item or ask for a licensed copy.

Type

Refers to the type of material. There are four different types of material in the BTA: Television Programmes or Clips (Audiovisual), Images, Articles and TV Guides.

Date Created

The date on which the production of an archive item was finalized.

Date Issued

The date an archive item was published the first time.

Storyboard

A selection of nine keyframes retrieved from a television programme or clip is presented to give an idea about the content and the preview quality.

Play Mediafile

Users may watch a preview video stream of a television archive item in two different qualities:

High quality: 340 kbps

Low quality: 34 kbps

Access to video streams is enabled but due to different laws and regulations in the countries of the contributing archives, sometimes only registered academic or professional users are allowed to watch the video streams. Once country laws and broadcast regulations have changed in favour of a less restricted access the respective video streams would be made available for a broader audience. We apologize for any inconvenience.

8. The BTA Library

In the Library of the BIRTH Television Archive numerous articles are made available. Partly the archives themselves have drafted these articles partly television history scientists have provided their research results.

All articles are accessible within a structure of currently fifteen themes about television history:

The archive articles are provided in two versions: the native language of the author and English. By this way users not capable of an author's native language can read the article in English.

You can easily switch an article's language version by clicking on one of the available language flags in the article.

Scientific articles are often provided in the author's language, only. This is due to the higher translation workload for scientific articles. But every scientific article is provided with an abstract in both the author's language and English. By this approach users not familiar with the author's language can get a summary about the content of an article.

Also, scientific articles are longer and more scrutinized analyses of certain research topics whereas articles provided by television archives are shorter and more general introductions into certain subjects.

To avoid a direct reading of very long text on a web page longer articles are presented as PDF files.

Many of these articles are written in the author's language and could not be provided in a translated English version. Still, it is a valuable information for users to learn about the content of an article. For that reason all PDF articles are presented together with an abstract both in English and the author's native language.

Even if scientific articles are provided as PDF files, these files may include hyperlinks, images and links to multimedia content, such as video clips. All these multimedia links are external, that is, the content is not stored in the BTA but on remote streaming servers. Also, playback of such content is done with external playback software, like Real Video or Windows Media. You need to have installed a recent version of such playback software on your PC to watch these clips.

9. The BTA Timeline

The BTA Timeline enables a 3-dimensional presentation of search results. Users can move on the timeline, access single hits by clicking on the thumbnails and go to the Detailed Views of hits. Also, in parallel to the hit list a list of dates in history is presented, which allows a comparison between events and BTA archive content.

9.1 Timeline Search

The timeline search is the entry point to the timeline. It enables a simple search enhanced by time period selection. Search is triggered by clicking on "Search".

9.2 Timeline Search Results

This is the 3-dimensional timeline, where currently a hit list is presented:

The timeline contains thumbnails for every hit. Hovering over these thumbnails with your mouse you'll get tool tip information about an item: Owner acronym, Date issued and English title. The timeline search covers both television archive items and images. ` It does not cover articles.

By clicking on a thumbnail you get a short information menu about an item:

The short information menu is working in the same way as on the Search Results list. By clicking on "click here for more information" you would get to the Detailed View of this item.

But you can also add this item to your own MindMap. By clicking on the symbol this item is moved into the MindMap.

9.3 MindMap

The MindMap is a small tool to create your own selections.

10. For Registered Users Only

The BIRTH Television Archive is not only a museum to visit and watch some films. You can work with it!

But before you can get active in the BTA you have to identify yourself, because there are functions in the BTA that are dedicated for certain user groups only.

In the BTA three types of user groups exist:

General Public Users:

Most of the users are privately interested to learn more about the BTA and television history. Such users are enabled to create Selection Baskets and to preview many of the BTA archive items.

Academic Users:

Television history scientists would like to work with the BTA to, e.g., publish their research results, and get in touch with other scientists on an international level or to use BTA archive items for research purposes. Such users are enabled to create Selection Baskets, upload their own CV's, become members of the European Television History Network (ETHN), preview all of the BTA archive items and to use the Stream Edit File Transfer (SEFT) to retrieve licensed copies of archive items.

Professional Users:

Media Producers and journalists are interested to use the BTA as a source for their work. For the first time they can research databases of other broadcast archives and preview the content. They are enabled to create Selection Baskets, preview all archive items and to use the Stream Edit File Transfer (SEFT) to retrieve licensed copies of archive items.

10.1 Register as A User

The user registration is your ticket to advanced features of the BTA.

The registration menu asks you for certain information that is used to identify yourself as a registered user in the BTA.

All data gathered is treated with care. No private information is published or given to third parties that are not involved with the BTA. All legal obligations regarding privacy are followed.

The information requested on registration comprises

- A user name (A unique name which identifies you as a user of the BTA. Please write in lower case and numbers, only.)

- Your full name and address (For professional and academic users this is the company or institutional address).

- Your affiliate address (Some academic users might work for certain periods, e.g., as guest lecturers at other institutions).

After filling out this form you submit it to the user manager of the BTA. There you are approved as a member of one of the user groups named above. An approval email is sent to you, which contains your password.

10.2 Login

Together with your new user name and password you can log in at the BTA and use the advanced interactive features.

11. The BTA Selection Basket & Request Management

The BTA Selection Basket enables all registered users to store their search results on line. Moreover it allows you to create single baskets according to your thematical search interest. You can add a description both to every item in the basket and about the basket itself. You can also label the basket.

But this is not the end: You even can share baskets with other registered users or send requests to owners of items in the basket, e.g., to get more information about certain items or to start a license request to get a licensed copy of an item.

11.1 How to Create a Basket

You can easily create a new basket (once you are logged in) by going to "My Baskets" and then select "Create new basket".

A menu is opened that allows you to label your new basket (every basket gets a unique number automatically), add a description and you can decide whether you wish to share your basket with others, or not.

By submitting the request the basket is created according to your settings. You can see the basket management menu now. The basket is now available for adding items.

11.2 How to Add Items to a Basket

Adding of items to your basket is easy: Just carry out a search and go to the Detailed View of an item. On top of the Detailed View menu you can see a link "Add to a basket".

By clicking on that link you add that item to your basket.

Again, the basket management menu opens automatically. To carry on with your search or adding of items you can click on the browser button "Back".

11.3 How to Manage Baskets

You can create as many baskets you want!

On the Baskets Management Menu you get an overview about all baskets you have created, the respective basket descriptions and some status information about every basket.

On that menu you can delete your baskets or select a basket for editing.

11.4 How to Send Requests to Archives

A very valuable function of the Basket Management is that you can get in contact with the owner of assets (e.g., television archives) to get more information about an item, e.g., the historical context of a news reel. But moreover you can also contact archives to start a license request to get a licensed copy of an item.

Such requests are processed as quickly as possible.

Every request for a licensed copy has to undergo a rights clearing and licensing process. During rights clearing contractual obligations as well as privacy rights are checked for every special request. This is due to Intellectual Property Rights law, Copyright and Privacy law.

Rights Clearing can take time, but will be processed as quickly as possible.

Also, after successful rights clearing a licensing is done. By licensing a fee is determined that has to be paid for certain re-use purposes.

Especially for television items it is unforeseeable which license fee has to be paid. It is true that television archives usually are the owners of their content. But every contract for television production is negotiated on bi-lateral basis. Special clauses might be included. Also, a variety of different types of license fees exists depending on the type of license involved, e.g., music rights, author's rights, director's rights, camera operators, performing artists and many more.

Once licensing is finalised successfully and the license fee was received by the owner a licensed copy can be download with Stream Edit File Transfer (SEFT), or delivery can be done by mail shipping or via broadcast delivery networks.

Note: The delivery of licensed copies via SEFT is depending on decisions by the respective owner archive. If not applicable the owner archives will inform you about alternative ways to get a licensed copy delivered.

12.Content Retrieval (Contact Archive, SEFT)

The Stream Edit File Transfer is a client/server system that enables downloading of licensed copy files after a license was obtained from an owner archive and the archive has established a SEFT download workflow.

In case such a workflow is not yet established by an owner archive the users are informed about alternative ways to get their licensed copy delivered.

12.1 Requirements for Content Retrieval

Currently SEFT enables downloading of MPEG2 MP@ML files at a quality bandwidth of up to 12 Mbps.

Users first have to obtain a SEFT client software version. After successful installation of the software users need to register to be enabled to access the SEFT server.

It allows you to download a licensed copy file one time. After downloading the owner archive will remove the respective file from the user's SEFT account.

13 Community & My CV

The BIRTH project consortium together with Utrecht University has initiated a European Television History Network (ETHN).

This network links television history scientists from different countries and promotes international research in the field.

The BIRTH Television Archive supports the ETHN by an ETHN mailing list, a Community area on the web site and interactive tools for scientists only.

To register with the ETHN mailing list you have to be an accredited researcher.

To use the interactive tools for scientists you have to be a registered academic user of the BIRTH Television Archive.

13.1 About the Community

The Community page of the BIRTH Television Archive provides information about the European Television History Network (ETHN).

There you can register for the ETHN mailing list.

Also, scientists can look up for short biographies (CV's) of ETHN members to learn more about them, their field of research and get in contact with them.

13.2 How to Register for the Community Mailing List

It is easy to register for the Community mailing list. Just enter your email address in the respective field and you are registered.

Please note that only academics are allowed to be member of the mailing list. All other users will be removed.

13.3 About the CV Editor

The CV editor is available for registered academic users of the BTA, only.

It is a tool that enables academics to upload their own short biographies, information about their field of research and contact details to the BTA Community.

In doing this, academics can get in touch with each other to address synergy potentials in research.

You can add information about yourself, your institute, field of research, publications and contact details as well as a photograph.

By submitting the CV it is published in the ETHN area immediately.

14. Publishing and Management of Articles

The BIRTH Television Archive enables registered academic users to publish their own scientific articles via this web sites for free!

Please note that publishing of scientific articles via the BIRTH website does not include any refunding or license fees. Publishing is done voluntarily. The BIRTH consortium will do everything in its power to prevent any misuse of content presented. But due to current technical possibilities for gathering online content it cannot prevent every potential misuse. The BIRTH consortium takes no responsibility for any content presented on the portal, which is not coming from the consortium partners. The consortium will remove content and hyperlinks in articles from the portal, which do not fit the BIRTH concept.

14.1 Articles in the BTA

Scientific articles can be published via the BTA by using the BTA Online Article Editor.

There are two ways to create an online article with the BTA Online Article Editor:

Direct online editing

Upload of PDF-documents

14.2 About the Online Article Editor

The BTA Online Article Editor is a web tool that is part of the BTA.

It enables adding of structured metadata about an article, the article text body itself and adding of multimedia content to an article.

14.3 How to Create a New Article

Just go to the "My Articles" menu and select "Create Article". The Online Article Editor is opened.

The menu consists of different field where you can either enter textual information or add files.

The textual information required is:

- Author name: The name of the person who has written the article

- Publisher: The name of the person who is creating this online version of an article

- Theme: Please, select one of the available categories as the BTA Library is structured into these themes. Of if none of these are applicable, you can select "Other articles".

The text body of an article may be written directly with the available article text editor or simply copied and pasted from a source into the article text editor.

Please note, this article text editor is html based. It might happen that after pasting article text you retrieved from a different source format, e.g., MS Word, that may lead to formatting which does not represent your original. It is essential that you check your article text body before you publish it.

Adding of media files to an article text body is done by two ways: By adding a file directly to an article text body or by adding a link to a file to an article text body.

Case one is applied for images in the format JPG. These images are uploaded to the BTA directly and embedded into the display of an article.

Case two is applied for any external links to files as well as to audivisual files. These media objects, documents etc. are not displayed directly in an article text body but represented as a link. By clicking on the link a playback tool, an external web site or else is opened to display the respective content at the other end of the link.

After you have added all metadata, information and media files (as well as links) to your new article you can preview the article. If the look and feel of the article meets your requirements you can finalize creation of the article by clicking on "Submit": The article is stored on the BTA and published immediately.

14.4 How to Manage Articles

Once you have created articles with the BTA Online Article Editor you can manage your articles.

The Article Management is found under "My Articles".

All articles you have created are listed there.

You can update (edit), unpublish/publish or delete your articles.

The publish/unpublish function enables you to temporarily make selected or all of your articles available or unavailable to the public.

By deleting an article the whole article is removed from the BTA. You would have to create your article anew.

15. Legal Notes on Materials in the BTA

The consortium of the EU Media Plus project BIRTH is aiming at enabling access to historical television archive material from the beginnings of television for the citizens of Europe as well as the science via on line media in an as comfortable way as possible. This does not include aiming at any commercial purposes. Rather it is a presentation of the cultural audiovisual heritage of Europe, recorded, preserved and handed over by European broadcast companies.

Within the special framework of an on line television archive the selection of television archive material as well as designing the access channels towards the same via the BTA several authoring rights, copyright and broadcast regulations related requirements have to be met, which differ from country to country.

This leads to differences in material selection and restrictions that have to be applied regarding enabling access to television archive material for different user groups.

The television archives involved in this project have done the selection of material and designing of access channels to the best of their knowledge.

There are no restrictions on accessing textual information about television archive material as well as to keyframes, which were taken from this material for preview purposes.

There are restrictions on accessing audiovisual preview media, which are made accessible as so called video streams in the formats Real Video and Windows Media Video. Because in some countries, like Germany, the access even to preview media on television programmes, which have not been broadcast recently or are not to be broadcast soon, is not allowed, access for the general public has to be prevented. The reason is that it is seen as broadcasting via a non-standard transmission channel: the internet.

But by other means for television producers and scientists preview media is already made available for business purposes. Such user groups are allowed to access on line preview copies via the BTA, too, after confirmed registration. The preview media offered is specially designed for business preview: It includes a source reference and an imprinted timecode to identify single shots or sequences. This timecode prevents any other reuse too. Television archives in the BTA that do not have to apply such restrictions provide preview media without imprinted timecode.

To retrieve more details about legal and broadcast related requirements the television archives in the BTA have to meet, please go to " Disclaimer ".

By publishing articles via the BTA none of the authors implies any commercial purposes. Instead these articles are made available for all users for scientific or educational purposes. Every copy and reuse of copies of these articles or of parts of them is due to copyright, authoring rights and the right of citation. A clearly readable reference has to be given on every reuse. Any changes of these articles are not allowed. Also any reuse unapproved by the author is not allowed.

16. How to become a Member Archive of the BTA

The BIRTH Television Archive was built up during the EC Media Plus project BIRTH. The project ended in December 2005. From 2006 on the BIRTH Television Archive is sustained by the former BIRTH archive partners BBC, ORF, RTBF, Sound & Vision and SWR.

Every European television archive who is willing and able to meet the requirements for contributing archives is invited to join the BIRTH Television Archive consortium.

Please, see our Cookbook for more information on the requirements for new BTA members.

17. Terms & Acronyms

asset	=	archive materials are both of cultural and monetary value. They are the "assets" of broadcast companies.
audiovisual	=	a rather technical term to describe television programme materials.
BBC	=	British Broadcasting Corporation.
Beeld en Geluid	=	aka Sound & Vision (Nederlands Instituut voor Beeld en Geluid).
BTA	=	BIRTH Television Archive.
content	=	refers to image contents of television programmes.
data field	=
editor	=	a software tool used, e.g., to write and publish text.
item (archive / audiovisual / tv )	=	a rather general term to describe single archive materials.
metadata	=	data about data
MPEG2	=	A standard designed by the Motion Picture Experts Group to reduce data flow on audiovisual signal transmission but still preserve content quality.
MPEG2 MP@ML	=	Standard setting for digital television signals: MP means "Main Profile" (for encoding digital television signals), ML means "Main Level" (for 720x576 lines and 25 frames per second).
multilingual	=	refers to more than one (mono-lingual) or two (bi-lingual) languages. In the BTA information is presented in four languages.
ORF	=	Österreichischer Rundfunk.
RTBF	=	Radio Télévision Belgique Française.
Sound & Vision	=	Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision.
SWR	=	Südwestrundfunk.
television programme	=	a pre-produced film or a live show broadcasted via television channels.
thesaurus	=	a structured index of terms. In the BTA a multilingual thesaurus is used to carry out searches across four languages.
tv (television) guide	=	an information for the television audience about television schedules as well as details about certain television programmes.
video stream	=	Preview videos of television archive materials are made accessible in the BTA as internet streaming files. The users can not download these files by watch the content using either Real Video or Windows Media.

Disclaimer